Error when sending E-Mail to certain providers because of SMTP protocol violation

If you use the docker image, there is no reason to supply the PHP version, that can be inferred from the docker image.

Okay, that does not seem to be a SMTP server issue - through probably IP address and/or username is different for your Thunderbird and your Dolibarr.

I think you should report the issue on github as a bug, and include as much information as possible.